Wednesday, February 11, 2009

Excellent report on the cause of "heart disease."

I quoted this great report on my old site, but now the page is gone, so I thought I should post it here. The process that is described doesn't just "clog the arteries," but also can cause all kinds of other "chronic diseases."

QUOTE:

Chemist unlocks mysteries of cholesterol, heart disease
Contact Susan Griffith, 216-368-1004 or s...@po.cwru.edu

Graffiti on a building's wall can be a nuisance, but the kind sticking
to proteins in the blood can be used as a new indicator for
cardiovascular disease.

"It is like chemical fingerprints," said CWRU chemist Robert Salomon.

Research on the oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL), the so
called "bad cholesterol," led to the discovery by Salomon, professor
of chemistry, of isolevuglandins and other toxic oxidized lipids that
form this graffiti on proteins.

Pure samples of isolevuglandins and other oxidized lipids prepared
synthetically in Salomon's research provide doctors at the Cleveland
Clinic (John Crabb, Stanley Hazen, Henry Hoff, Joe Hollyfield and
Eugene Podrez), with valuable tools and information for studies of
heart disease, macular degenerative disorders and other diseases
brought on by oxidative damage of lipids.

He credits the research link between CWRU and the Clinic as making the
connection between the chemistry lab and biological processes.

The clinical groups suspected the involvement of oxidized lipids in
pathological processes they were studying, he said, but the amounts of
these lipids in biological specimens were so minute that progress was
stymied until methods were developed for making virtually unlimited
amounts of pure oxidized lipids in the chemical laboratory.

The National Institutes of Health recognized Salomon's ground-breaking
research with a new four-year, $1.4 million research grant for the
study, "Preprostaglandin Endoperoxides." The grant continues 23 years
of NIH support and expands upon research that has resulted in patents
on detecting a variety of these "fingerprints" of lipid oxidation that
can be used to read the "graffiti" on oxidatively damaged proteins in
the blood.

Through the development of antibodies that recognize the modified
proteins, the researchers can measure the accumulation of them in
human blood that may occur over days, weeks or even months.

The quantity of the modified proteins correlates with cardiovascular
disease, Salomon said.

While many people have high levels of LDL, only a small fraction of
them will develop heart disease. Salomon found that the "graffiti"
resulting from oxidized lipids sticking to proteins is a better
indicator of cardiovascular disease than the classical risk factors,
high LDL or total cholesterol levels in the blood.

Salomon also found that some people have an allergic reaction to the
"graffiti" because their immune system responds to the altered
proteins as if they were alien invaders.

Preprostaglandin endoperoxides are unstable intermediates, produced
throughout the body, from which hormone-like oxidized lipids are
formed to promote blood clotting or thinning, depending upon the needs
of the organism. Other endoperoxide-derived oxidized lipids produce
pain and inflammation. The medicinal actions of aspirin and other
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as Celebrex, result from
their ability to block the enzyme responsible for generating the
endoperoxides.

"We stumbled onto a non enzymatic process that transforms
endoperoxides into toxic oxidized lipids, levuglandins, that stick to
proteins and DNA," Salomon said.

Similar endoperoxides are produced by nonenzymatic oxidation of lipids
caused by free radicals. Salomon realized that when these
endoperoxides are transformed into isolevuglandins they become "very
reactive materials that act like a magnet that sticks to everything,
including the protein in LDL particles."

Macrophage cells, described as the garbage trucks of the blood, try to
carry away oxidatively damaged LDL. When macrophages get gummed up
with oxidized lipids, they "become bloated with partially digested
lipoprotein and globules of cholesterol" and form "foam cells,"
Salomon said.

Eventually foam cells develop into the atherosclerotic plaque found in
cardiovascular disease.

"Macrophages are supposed to clean up oxidatively damaged LDL but are
covered with these toxic oxidized lipids that bring the whole process
to a grinding halt," Salomon said.

Isolevuglandins "spoil" the protein, according to Salomon, who added
that antioxidants, like vitamin E, help protect the body against this
bad chemistry. When the antioxidants fail, the damage from free
radical oxidation occurs.

Over the past decade, Salomon's research has expanded to other
diseases such as macular degenerative diseases that result in
blindness and involve "brain lipids" that contain an omega-3 fatty
acid that is abundant in fish oil. Brain lipids are very rare in the
body, but are found in nerve cells and in the photoreceptor rod cells
of the eye. Salomon and Clinic researchers suspected that the energy
from light on the receptors might promote oxidation and damage.
Through mass spectroscopy studies, they have begun to see protein
modifications that are similar to those in heart disease.

Salomon's discoveries started with pure chemistry.

"It became apparent that this chemistry was significant to human
health," he said. "For years, I was in the mind frame that anything
biological was magical, and that the chemistry that occurs in test
tubes had little relevance to the chemistry that occurs in biological
processes. "Slowly over the past decade, I have begun to realize that
chemistry is part of the problem and part of the solution. Biology
must adapt to the chemistry inherent in the molecules we're made of,"
he added. UNQUOTE.

Note the point made: "When macrophages get gummed up
with oxidized lipids..."
This cannot happen if you ate a diet rich in saturated fatty acids and
very low in unsaturated fatty acids (assuming you don't consume
cholesterol that is already oxidized). Cholesterol can be oxidized by
in vivo lipid peroxidation, and that cannot occur with saturated fatty
acids. In a sense, this is as simple as "2+2=4," yet our great
"experts" are advising the opposite !

Wednesday, November 12, 2008

Let's take a look at a new study that can be misleading.

Here's the abstract:

Controversy exists over how much linoleic acid (LA) should be consumed in a healthy diet. Some claim that high LA intake promotes inflammation through accumulation of tissue arachidonic acid (AA) and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Here the author reviews the current available evidence from human studies that address this issue. The data indicate that high LA in the diet or circulation is not associated with higher in vivo or ex vivo pro-inflammatory responses. Surprisingly, several studies showed that those individuals consuming the highest level of LA had the lowest inflammatory status. Recent findings suggest that LA and AA are involved in both pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. Thus, within the ranges of intake that are achievable for most human populations, the evidence do not support reducing LA intake below current consumption levels.

Title:
Too much linoleic acid promotes inflammation-doesn't it?

Source:
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print].

Author:
Fritsche KL.

Perhaps the biggest "problem" here is that the author appears unaware of a couple of pieces of crucial evidence from the professional scientific literature. One Asian study found that vegetarians had less oxidized LDL than meat eaters, despite consumed more LA. Another study found that the incidence of certain cancers (now considered due to "chronic inflammation") increased significantly once one reached a certain level of LA consumption, but consuming more than that amount did not result in even more cancers. In other words, there is a threshold amount for LA consumption and certain cancers. Why might this be the case?

First of all, if you eat a certain amount of LA, your body will replace the natural Mead acid (if you were born with it in your cells - it depends upon your mother's diet) with AA, and then "chronic inflammation" is possible, even if only minor stressors are present. Again, above that amount and you are not going to incorporate more AA. The author doesn't tell us how many calories were being consumed. It could be that those with higher LA intake also consumed less calories. They could also have consumed more antioxidant-rich foods, and less cooked meat, etc. There is also no mention of people who consume hardly any LA, such as myself, and the author doesn't even explain why this is the case. Basically, what we see in this study is someone who has not considered that multiple factors might be at work. Instead, it's the same old "nutritional science" game, which is to create abstract categories, then do "epidemiological" studies (originally designed for infectious diseases, not dietary studies) that only control for one or more of these categories. Instead, I've suggested for years now that studies be done on actual diets that people are consuming now. By doing so, investigators can then "work backwards" and determine what is healthy and what is not. Of course, they should have studied the scientific literature (including biochemical) that appears to be relevant, such as:

J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Oct 5;97(19):1458-65.

"...Intake of total and saturated fat from meat was associated with statistically significant increases in pancreatic cancer risk but that from dairy products was not. CONCLUSION: Red and processed meat intakes were associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Fat and saturated fat are not likely to contribute to the underlying carcinogenic mechanism because the findings for fat from meat and dairy products differed. Carcinogenic substances related to meat preparation methods might be responsible for the positive association."

Because they have not used my type of approach, what the public sees, especially now with almost all adults having internet access, are all kinds of contradictory "studies." Even in the study directly above, the phrase "saturated fat" is used, which is sometimes used in a misleading way. The authors should have said "saturated fatty acids" (the actual molecules) because "saturated fat" is yet another potentially misleading abstract concept. For example, lard is classified as a "saturated fat" (and is unhealthy, generally-speaking), but is only about 40% saturated fatty acids. It also contains quite a bit of LA, as well as cholesterol, which can get oxidized during cooking. Coconut oil is about 92% saturated fatty acids and is a healthy food item (so long as it's not going rancid), as the best "natural" nutritional study of al time demonstrates (that is, the documented good health of many millions of Asian people consuming diets rich in coconut products).

As I said, if "nutritional scientists" would not ignore this kind of evidence, which is undeniable and direct, unlike their "epidemiological" studies of abstract categories, they would realize that classifying both lard and coconut oil as "saturated fats" makes no sense at all, and that dietary saturated fatty acids are not likely to be unhealthy (since there is no unhealthy biochemical mechanism that they are involved in, unlike LA and AA). This unfortunate situation illustrates how "science" can go terribly wrong, leading to dangerous advice being given to the general public. And now that you have this information, you can confront various "experts" yourself, and you will likely find that they are not willing to talk to you at all or else their responses don't make sense or don't address the issue. One "expert" told me he didn't have time to learn the basic biochemistry involved and could not speak to the point I was raising, which concerned oxidized cholesterol. Many people ask me how such a situation could have occurred, but as a historian I realize that it's too complex to reduce to a simplistic explanation, one that would require a major investigation in its own right.

Is eating "meat" unhealthy or dangerous?

This is a good question because the apparent answer must include the problems with "nutritional science" (and science in general) that are misleading many people today. Below is a post of mine from another site which address this question:

The "meat" issue is very interesting, because it demonstrates a huge problem with "nutritional science" today. Even if we use the phrase "red meat," as many "experts" now do, that is still very misleading, because the question everyone wants answered is, "is this food item healthy or is it not?" Abstract categories which have no scientific integrity (such as "meat" or "red meat") dominate a great deal of "expert advice," yet there is more than enough evidence now to avoid such language, and instead connect diet with biochemical evidence in a direct way.

I'll provide an example. I eat small amounts of gelatin each day, but I never eat "meat," or do I? Who is to say, and if they do say, what does it mean, scientifically? Instead, the biochemical evidence is clear and the semantics can be avoided; HCAs are generated in dangerous amounts when "meat" is cooked with the usual oils (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids). Mary Enig has suggested freezing "meat" for two weeks or more, then eating it raw. The question I have is, why do I need "meat?" I know I need a certain amount of high-quality protein, but do I need meat? I consume small amounts of nutritional yeast and gelatin each day, along with a lot of cheese, and that seems to replace anything that "meat" supplies.

If this combination was not a sufficient replacement, I surely would not have recovered from my wasting disorder (from less than 100 pounds to the mid 130s now), as well as the severe osteoporosis and other problems I had several years ago. Thus, I avoid HCAs, lipid peroxidation, oxidized cholesterol, and excess iron, among other potentially unhealthy things, without "giving anything up." I have to admit that my thinking is largely "risk reward ratio," which isn't that far from the "first do no harm" part of the Hippocratic Oath (as far as I can tell). Now I'll be the first to admit that small amounts of high-quality raw "red meat" (frozen 2 weeks or more) now and is not likely to cause problems, but it's expensive, I don't know if it's really high-quality (I have to take the word of the "health food store" people), and I don't know how to prepare it. Moreover, I don't want to develop a taste for something I don't like now and isn't doing anything to maintain my health.

Here's a study that few Americans hear about, even with all the time devoted to "health and science" issues in the news these days:

Mutat Res. 2002 Sep 30;506-507:9-20. "Comments on the history and importance of aromatic and heterocyclic amines in public health." Weisburger JH.

"The carcinogenic risk of aromatic amines in humans was first discovered when a physician related the occurrence of urinary bladder cancer to the occupation of his patients. They were employed in the dyestuff industry, chronically exposed to large amounts of intermediate arylamines… Epidemiological data suggest that meat eaters may have a higher risk of breast and colon cancer. HCAs induced cancer in rats in these organs and also in the prostate and the pancreas. In addition, there is some evidence that they affect the vascular system... The amounts of HCAs in cooked foods are small, but other components in diet such as omega-6-polyunsaturated oils have powerful promoting effects in target organs of HCAs..."

Tuesday, November 11, 2008

Pictures from the old MSN site.

There were only two. This is a description of the first:

This was pictured in CNN's special TV show entitled, "America's Killer Diet." It shows how in the early 1960s soybean oil consumption in the USA began to increase significantly, and continued to do so up to the present. This makes clear my point about people having arachidonic acid in their cells now, whereas prior to about 1960, this would not have been the case for the overwhelming majority of Americans. One the bottom left, the year is 1909. Middle bottom is 1954, Bottom right appears to be 1999. Note that there was no canola oil being consumed until the 1980s, and that has also risen in a similar way since its introduction, which means the situations is even worse that the chart indicates. Note that this chart is just for the four fat sources listed. Butter consumption, for example, has decreased (at least relative to calories consumed).

[IMG]http://i237.photobucket.com/albums/ff196/Backgammon1/Oil_Consumption_Chart.jpg[/IMG]

And this is the description of the second:

I created this chart from the one at the Canola Council of Canada's website, and it seems to be a good indication of how canola oil consumption has risen since the 1980s in many nations (Canada is or was the biggest producer of canola). Of course, you can go to your local food store and read ingredients lists to see how much canola oil (and rapeseed, which is a "cousin" of canola) is in the food you eat these days. The numbers on the left are to be multiplied by 10,000 tons. The internet source of the Council's chart is: http://www.canola-council.org/manual/GMO/gmo4.htm This chart shows the general trend, and it's not clear (to me) exactly what year is represented by the end of the line. Again, this appears to be a good graphic representation of the general trend, and is not intended (by me) to be considered beyond this gross conception.

[IMG]http://i237.photobucket.com/albums/ff196/Backgammon1/Canola_Oil_Production.jpg[/IMG]

44 th (last) page of the old MSN site.

The EFA Claim Was Refuted Long Ago

I read the following statement in the Wikipedia.org entry on "essential fatty acids:"

QUOTE: ...Biologist Ray Peat has pointed out flaws in the studies purportedly showing the need for n-3 and n-6 fats. He notes that so-called EFA deficiencies have sometimes been reversed by adding B vitamins or a fat-free liver extract to the diet. In his view, 'the optional dietary level of the "essential fatty acids" might be close to zero, if other dietary factors were also optimized...' UNQUOTE.

This is not a complicated matter. Either these molecules are necessary to the life of a full-grown, non=pregnant adult human or they are not. I saw my great grandparents live to ages 100 and 96 without any source of omega 3s (except for whatever tiny amounts they might get in the small portion of meat they ate, for example - they didn't eat oily fish at all), so I know this is a nonsensical claim, but "experts" cite studies involving rats (from what one can tell by the wikipedia article), such as:

Burr, G.O., Burr, M.M. and Miller, E. (1930). "On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 86 (587). Retrieved on 2007-01-17.

The problem is that rats are not people, the needs of periods of growth should not be compared to fully-grown adults, who don't want to grow any more, and the complete knowledge of vitamins did not exist in1930. Fortunately, a group of scientists did what they were supposed to do (at M.I.T.), and tried to directly verify or refute the Burr hypothesis/claim of 1930. This is what they found in the mid 1940s:

QUOTE: ...fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet, rats develop a scaliness of the paws and tails which is hardly distinguishable from the syndrome which develops from a deficiency in "essential" fatty acids. Others have demonstrated that pyridoxine is necessary for the formation of fat from protein. From this we have reasoned that there may be an interrelationship between pyridoxine and "essential" fatty acids.

We have demonstrated that this deficiency condition can be cured by feeding pyridoxine but that it is not affected by feeding linoleic acid. The effects of pyridoxine have been confirmed in a repeat experiment. The evidence indicates that pyridoxine deficiency not only decreases the appetite of rats but also the efficiency of food utilization... UNQUOTE.

Source: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/brief4.gfr/tab_e/br4e1c.txt

So why are our "experts" not telling us about the M.I.T. results? If they are ignorant of these results, how can they call themselves "experts?" If they know about these results and are remaining silent purposefully, they are guilty of academic dishonesty, at the very least. If I try to edit the wikipedia entry and provide this information, what will happen? It's one thing to argue "interpretation" of experimental results, but this was a direct, undeniable, total refutation of the 1930 Burr experiment, so if this information is not included, what reason could the wikipedia entry have to exist in the first place? Is it there to make people feel comfortable about destroying our oceans to eat more "essential omega 3s?" I'm not suggesting there is any sort of "grand conspiracy." In general, people (including the "experts") are so concerned with obtaining "truth" quickly, have such a "herd mentality," and are so resistant to ideas that contradict what they think they "know," that it only takes a "little push" (supplied here by Burr) to get things moving in the wrong direction. Once that happens, self-interested parties (such as those who want to sell refined, highly-unsaturated oils to the masses) show up to "cash in."

Those of you who haven't read about arachidonic acid on this site yet may be saying to yourselves, "yes, I've come across these kinds of things before on the internet, and even if you are correct, why should I care?"

As I tell people, understanding the implications of this may save you a whole lot of suffering and provide you with a few more decades of life. The causes of death today are quite different from those before the middle of the twentieth century (in the USA, at least). Before circa 1950, most Americans ate a diet that led to a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) called the Mead acid being incorporated into their cells. You need PUFAs in your cells, because they are used for clotting and the inflammatory process, among other things. However, if you eat a diet rich in the typical dietary "essential fatty acids," your body will displace the Mead acid with another one, called arachidonic acid (AA).

AA is released from cells just as Mead acid is, when there is a major stressor. However, AA is much more biochemically acid than the Mead acid, so inflammation can be more intense if you have AA in your cells. What is even worse (for most people) is that AA, because of its extreme biochemical reactivity, is also released when there are minor stressors, unlike the Mead acid. Inflammation can become chronic much more easily (with AA in your cells), and and chronic inflammation is the cause of most "chronic disease" in nations like the USA. On this site, you will find plenty of evidence which demonstrates that if you follow the disease process back to its source, chronic inflammation, and by definition, having AA in your cells, is the underlying or "root" cause. If this isn't a lot more important than other claims you've read about it, I suggest you use the forums here and post about what you've found that seems more crucial to know.

Lastly, I'll mention my own experiments (on myself) with "essential fatty acid deficiency." For more than a few years, starting in 2001, I refrained from eating any food with more than trace amounts of omega 3 or omega 6 PUFAs. I witnessed some interesting changed in my body. I seemed to breathe with greater ease, I haven't had a cold since then (when I used to get at least 2 colds per year), and when I got cut the inflammation only lasted hours, not days (as used to be the case). I also had a terrible case of rosacea, which didn't go away until I also started to eat more high-quality protein and some gelatin, so it's hard to say exactly what was causing that condition. I was raised on a diet rich in corn oil, and I had several inflammatory conditions which are based upon having AA in one's cells (chalazions and keloids).

However, I also noticed that I seemed to need to drink a bit more, and I occasionally had small dry spots on my face. On the other hand, my hair didn't get "greasy," and I was able to go nearly two weeks without washing my hair, whereas I used to wash my hair every day before going "EFAD." As I began to examine "junk food" more closely, about two years ago, I noticed that it probably wasn't too unhealthy, so long as it was low in unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol (because the cholesterol can get oxidized during processing). I began to eat some baked good that had a fat content that was a bit more than 50% saturated (paying no mind to trans fatty acids one way or the other and had little or no cholesterol.

Adding small amounts of this kind of food item led to an end to the dry spots, but my hair usually began to get greasy in 5 to 7 days. This is consistent with the M.I.T. findings and suggests that foods with more than trace amounts of unsaturated fatty acids that are not PUFAs (meaning monounsaturated fatty acids) may prevent the mild skin conditions that many of today's "experts" argue are signs of horrible ill health to come. Here is the M.I.T. finding mentioned above: QUOTE: ...The animals on the fat-free diet developed a very mild scaliness of the feet and tails. Since, in a later experiment, this condition was prevented by feeding additional amounts of the various vitamins in the supplement, it is considered possible that olive oil or elaidin in the diet exerts a vitamin-sparing action... UNQUOTE. Note that you can also find this statement in the Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year, 1948 in the biochemistry section (page 121): "Pyridoxine [a B vitamin] was found to relieve the deficiency state resulting from the absence of dietary fat, and to cause the deposition of linoleic [the most common omega 6 PUFA in diets] as well as di- and tetraenoic acids in the tissues of rats on fat-free diets… This contradicts the idea that linoleic acid cannot be synthesized by by rat tissues..."

43 rd page of the old MSN site.

Okay, so when is this diet going to kill me?

You’ve probably heard various “experts” tell you to “avoid saturated fat,” “cut down on your salt intake,” “replace sugar-rich foods with fiber-rich complex carbohydrates,” “be sure to consume the recommended amounts of essential fatty acids,” etc. But what if you do the exact opposite of all these suggestions? Shouldn’t something very bad happen to you fairly quickly? We all know that when a non-expert is correct if he or she tells you not to jump into an active volcano if you value your life. Certain undeniable things will happen to your body if you do. One could use lab rats and create a volcano like contraption to study the sequence of events, but most people are not interested in the molecular-level detail – they just want to be alive and in reasonably good physical condition. Thus, turning back to eating a supposedly terribly unhealthy diet, if one can eat a diet this is theoretically horrible (according to present nutritional dogma), what would the “experts” say to someone who decided to consume such foods? Obviously, nobody would be able to predict exactly how long one could live on this diet, but there would have to be general guidelines, or else their claims to be presenting “science” would not be valid. For example, with the “essential fatty acid” claim, one is supposed to experience “deficiency symptoms” within a month’s time, according to most nutrition books that talk about this subject in detail.

In my case, I decided to adopt this supposedly terribly unhealthy diet in 2001, and then continued to “waste away,” down to under 100 pounds (at 5’9” tall and usually around 130 pounds), before I discovered just how deficient I was in stomach acid. Then I began to “recover,” though it took me nearly another year to realize that my protein consumption was too low. After eat more good quality protein (along with some other “adjustments,” such as taking the citrate forms of calcium and magnesium instead of the oxide forms), my various “diseases” (such as severe osteoporosis) began to improve greatly. And here I am, six years later, still eating a diet “deficient” in “essential fatty acids,” yet rich in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, salt, and whole milk dairy products. Moreover, I avoid “heart-healthy” oils, such as olive and canola, but eat coconut products (the fat in coconut is about 92% saturated), and my “fiber” intake is very limited. I don’t eat any food that has more than perhaps the tiniest trace amounts of omega 3 PUFAs. My fruit and vegetable consumption would be considered low, compared to what “experts” advise.

Thus, the obvious question is, how can these “experts” be correct if someone who is at death’s door adopts what appears to be the unhealthiest diet possible, and then recovers from all these terrible “diseases” and appears to be quite well 6 years later? It’s one thing to say something like, “well, our advice is based upon statistical correlations and we can only tell you if you are raising you risk for a certain disease,” but it’s another thing to expect people to believe that your claims are accurate when someone in terrible health adapts the “worst” diet possible, even for a healthy person, then recovers and appears fine, six years later. Either the diet is really “bad,” and the results speak for themselves, or else the “risk” must be so low (even if there is one, which I dispute, of course) as to be laughable. They may know how to ignore the scientific method and still keep their jobs, spewing out their dangerous advice as they go, but when this advice violates basic common sense, just about anyone can see that these Emperors are strutting nude fools.

On the other hand, I would like to see what happens to a person who consumes a typical amount of fat, but just about all in the form of canola oil (with some fish oil supplementation that is considered "optimal"). One researcher decided to go on a diet very rich in omega 3s from animal products and discovered that when markers for oxidative stress were measured, they were incredibly high (source: Sinclair, H., Prog. Lipid Res. 25: 667-72, "History of EFA & their prostanoids: some personal reminiscences."). This brings up an interesting point about many researchers today; they don't seem to care about previous research, even if on-point experim nts were conducted with conclusive results. Instead, they rely upon "markers" that are based upon assumptions, some of which have been refuted by older, on-point experiments! Perhaps they simply don't know about the older studies, though there seems to be an attitude that only recent research is worth considering, as if the universe that existed a few decades or so ago is different than the one we live in now. Obviously, this is a very unscientific view. The "essential fatty acid" experiements may be the best example of this problem. In 1948, rats fed a totally fat-free diet were fine, yet decades later, experiments were conducted that sought "markers" of "essential fatty acid deficiency," such as having Mead acid in one's cells. It didn't matter if these animals lived longer and healthier lives; the mere fact that they had Mead acid in their cells was enough for the researchers to pronounce that a serious "deficiency" in "essential fatty acids" existed, and that the animals were "diseased," making it seem as if the animals had serious medical problems, which could occur in something like vitamin C deficiency ("scurvy"). Again, this makes no sense on any level, and is clearly an unscientific attitude.

Here is another example of an unscientific attitude held by scientists (I like to call it a scientific "shell game"):

QUOTE: ...the researchers say women should not make too much of these results, which are based on reports of what women said they ate over many years -- not a rigorous, scientific experiment where specific dietary factors could be studied in isolation... UNQUOTE.

What they don't tell you is that most studies that they cite when giving the general public dietary advice are just like this one. The other kind of study that is very common involves getting some healthy college students and giving them two different diets for several weeks, measuring various "markers" at points considered most revealing. However, the diets are usually both unhealthy. For instance, one diet might be rich in safflower or corn oil, while the other has less of this oil, with a fish oil supplement added so that the overall fat intake is the same. I agree that over the course of a few weeks or so, the markers will appear "better" most of the time on the fish oil supplemented diet, due to the affect on AA metabolization. This does not mean that either diet is good for long-term health, however. Thus, these experiments start subjectively, that is, they choose which diets to give the volunteers, and in the example I mentioned, there is no reason to refrain from providing other diets, such as my current diet. There are other misleading points made by the researchers in this report, so I suggest you read it in its entirety. It can be found at: http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-diet-ice-cream-pregnancy,0,367279.story

Biologist Ray Peat recently wrote an essay about how some scientists are basically deciding beforehand what they want their experiments to suggest:

QUOTE: ...The study's lead author, Eva Lee, quoted by a university publicist, said "We found that progesterone plays a role in the development of breast cancer by encouraging the proliferation of mammary cells that carry a breast cancer gene." But they didn't measure the amount of progesterone present in the animals. They didn't "find" anything at all about progesterone. The "anti-progesterone" drug they used has been used for many years to treat uterine, ovarian, and breast cancers, in some cases with progesterone, to intensify its effects, and its protective effects are very likely the result of its antiestrogenic and anti-cortisol effects, both of which are well established, and relevant. In some cases, it acts like progesterone, only more strongly.

"Other more specific progesterone blockers are under development," Lee notes. And the article in Science magazine looks like nothing more than the first advertisement for one that her husband, Wen-Hwa Lee, has designed.

According to publicists at the University of California, Irvine, "Lee plans to focus his research on developing new compounds that will disrupt end-stage cancer cells. The goal is a small molecule that, when injected into the blood stream, will act as something of a biological cruise missile to target, shock and awe the cancerous cells." "In this research, he will make valuable use of a breast cancer model developed by his wife." "She developed the model, and I will develop the molecule," Lee says. "We can use this model to test a new drug and how it works in combination with old drugs."

"Previously we blamed everything," Lee says of his eye cancer discovery. "We blamed electricity, we blamed too much sausage - but in this case it's clear: It's the gene's fault."

The things that these people know, demonstrated by previous publications, but that they don't say in the Science article, are very revealing. The retinoblastoma gene (and its protein product), a specialty of Wen-Hwa Lee, is widely known to be a factor in breast cancer, and to be responsive to progesterone, RU486, and p21. Its links to ubiquitin, the hormone receptors, proteasomes, and the BRCA gene are well known, but previously they were seen as linking estrogen to cell proliferation, and progesterone to the inhibition of cellular proliferation.

By organizing their claims around the idea that RU486 is acting as an antiprogesterone, rather than as a progesterone synergist in opposing estrogen, Eva Lee's team has misused words to argue that it is progesterone, rather than estrogen, that causes breast cancer. Of the many relevant issues that their publication ignores, the absence of measurements of the actual estrogen and progesterone in the animals' serum most strongly suggests that the project was not designed for proper scientific purposes... UNQUOTE.

Source: http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/ru486.shtml

Lastly, I'll mention that a close relative who is also male and a few years younger than I am. He eats a diet that is different than mine in the following ways: 1. High polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, whereas my diet is high in SFAs relative to PUFAs. 2. He eats a lot of cooked meat, and most likely a lot more oxidized cholesterol. I do consume small amounts of gelatin (which is almost all protein, with a little calcium), and if I heat up dairy, it's on low temperature (though I usually don't heat it at all). When I eat eggs, I only boil them. Otherwise, I am "vegetarian." 3. He does not eat any nutritional yeast, whereas I eat very small amounts with each meal. 4. He most likely eats quite a bit more calories than I do. 5. He has no interest in supplementing his diet with minerals, whereas I take small amounts of certain ones each day.

How is his health different than mine?

1. He had his gallbladder removed several years ago, after a couple of years of terrible pain, whereas I never had this problem. 2. He has high blood pressure, whereas mine is on the low end of "normal." 3. On his blood tests, his triglycerides have been very high at times, whereas mine have always been in the normal range. 4. He is about 5'10" tall and 215 pounds (and looks "inflamed"), whereas I am 5'9" tall and about 135 pounds. 5. He had "walking pneumonia" for a couple of months, is often ill, and often takes antibiotics, whereas I haven't been ill for at least a couple of years now, and have only taken antibiotics a few times in my adult life (I'm in my early 40s now).

42 nd page of the old MSN site.

A unified "AIDS" hypothsis without "HIV." Part II.

Whatever “HIV/AIDS” is now (apologists have refused repeatedly to provide a hypothesis for it), one point is crucial; the way it is presented to the general public makes it an impossibility to “cure.” That is, there will never be a way to demonstrate scientifically (down to the molecular level) how a few “retroviral” particles cause an “HIV infected” woman to die of cervical cancer, for example. Instead, there will likely be more “models” presented (such as David Ho’s impossible scenario about how the “virus” destroys the T cells in question) that are little more than a child’s fanciful wishes. Thus, funding for “HIV experts” will continue, as will profits for pharmaceutical companies that produce “medicine” designed to “fight HIV.” What’s interesting, sociologically, is that this is how many “conspiracy theories” likely start out, that is, in retrospect, it appears to nicely fit together to help a few people at the expense of millions, and so some conclude that the few who benefit greatly planned it all out from the beginning. My sense is that the appeal of the “germ theory” for those in charge of the “biomedical establishment” came to dovetail with what major pharmaceutical companies had to offer, and politicians wanted to be able to reassure an anxious public. The irony, of course, is that a sense of certainty was bought at a very high price, because almost all resources have been devoted to various aspects of the ludicrous “HIV/AIDS” notion, which is now impossible to cure due to the way it is perceived.

A recent report makes the same point about "IBS" that I'm making for "HIV/AIDS:" QUOTE: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in the developed world. It is characterized by altered bowel function, abdominal discomfort, and pain. However, there are few effective treatments for IBS, in part because the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease symptoms have not been well defined. UNQUOTE.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070215181503.htmp

In any case, what I am interested in doing involves trying to understand what the molecules in question are doing and what can be done to restore normal physiology and biochemistry. Most “HIV experts,” of course, think that they need to devise a way to “kill the germs,” not realizing that germs are almost always a problem due to conditions, and not because of some inherently malevolent quality. And they are basically repeating the many of the same mistakes made in the “war on cancer,” particularly in terms of using highly toxic “medicines” or “therapies,” which will often result in killing the patient anyway (though he or she may live a few more months). After teaching the scientific method to college students for many years, and after researching “HIV/AIDS” and related issues for several years, it is obvious to me that controlled experiments should be conducted in which those said to be “HIV infected” change their lifestyles so that they are subject to very little stress (especially oxidative), rather than taking very toxic “medicines” aimed at destroying particles that are just effects of the stress that led to the “positive” “HIV” test in the first place. Instead, such people are sometimes told to avoid “doing drugs” that may lead them to becoming “uninhibited,” leading to “unprotected sex” and exposure to a “deadly retrovirus.” When they “test positive for HIV” or “develop AIDS,” the sex is blamed rather than the drugs (as there is almost always one episode of “unprotected sex” that has occurred), even though the drugs many young people use generate a lot of oxidative stress, particularly in the context of being “overloaded” with arachidonic acid. Since we can all probably agree that such an experiment will not be undertaken any time soon, one must rely upon the evidence that now exists, and fortunately, as the studies I cited in Part I demonstrate, there are many studies that are highly suggestive of one underlying mechanism, though with several “co-factors” that can enhance this mechanism. Moroever, as I have seen in the nutrition field, even if the right experiments were conducted, those in charge could simply dismiss them for some reason, and most of the "mainstream media" seem all too willing to just assume that whatever this small number of people claims is correct, for whatever reason.

One interesting point about the “HIV/AIDS” story is that it “makes sense” to most people (in terms of their “germ theory” preconceptions), and most can’t imagine that the claim (s) is based upon indirect and non-specific “markers” that correlate to some degree with what is conceived as the clinical syndrome, “AIDS,” though this syndrome (basically, a list of symptoms, some of which are considered “diseases”) has changed over time, for reasons that make little sense to me. I encountered a very similar situation when I began my research in the nutrition field, and was disappointed to see the same kinds of mistakes made in a field that I thought would be more scientifically rigorous. As with “HIV/AIDS,” the nutritional “story” is easier for almost everyone to think that they understand compared to trying to think about what is actually occurring biochemistry. The incoherent nature of the nutritional story is not problematic, as nutritionists themselves don’t seem to realize how silly some of their claims and organizing principles are, and so the “average” person just “goes along with the program,” no matter how unsatisfactory the results. What’s even more disappointing is how some biochemists actually “step aside” and accept nutritional claims that violate a basic understanding of biochemistry. An example of this can be found in a book like "The Cookbook Decoder" (1981), written by chemistry professor Arthur E. Grosser. In this book, the chemist tells people not to be "haunted by morbid thoughts of sagging stomachs or fatty deposits clogging our arteries..." in the context of making a sauce, because corn starch can be used, presumably instead of something like cream (page 141). Though it may not have been clear that only oxidized cholesterol was dangerous when this book was published in 1981, it is obvious that this chemistry professor simply assumed that whatever the nutritionists say about the health benefits (or hazards) of certain foods is accurate. Instead, biochemists should take every opportunity to point out that when nutritionists advise people to do things like “be sure to use heart-healthy unsaturated fats” they are actually telling people to expose themselves to incredibly toxic molecules (in terms of the way most Westerners prepare their food).

Getting back to "AIDS;" while, as the Perth Group argue, potent oxidative stress (probably much more problematic in cells containing arachidonic acid) can cause the T cell dysfunction/Th1 to Th2 shift that leads to the "opportunistic infections," and probably some of the other "AIDS"-related disorders, there is the "heart disease" model as well. Applying this to "AIDS," the following sequence of events likely occurs in many who have "progressed top AIDS:" a great deal of oxidized molecules are present, which can be due to a number of things, and then lymphadenopathy often occurs. The "inflammation" that accompanies having too many oxidized molecules in the body can then cause the T cell dysfunction and Th1/Th2 shift. Below are some studies that are supportive of this possibility:

1. Eur J Immunol. 2003 Aug;33(8):2178-85.

Title: Oxidative-stress-induced T lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness is caused by structural modification rather than proteasomal degradation of crucial TCR signaling molecules.

Cemerski S, van Meerwijk JP, Romagnoli P.

Tolerance and Autoimmunity section, INSERM U563, Toulouse, France.

QUOTE: In several human pathologies (e.g. cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS and leprosy) oxidative stress induces T cell hyporesponsiveness... UNQUOTE.

2.

QUOTE: ...deficient allergen-specific Treg cell responses have been associated with a number of allergic and autoimmune disorders. Tolerization to allergens and autoantigens is associated with augmentation of Treg cell numbers and suppressive function... UNQUOTE.
Source: Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2005, vol. 116, no5, pp. 949-959 [11 page(s) (article)] (121 ref.).

3.

QUOTE: Microparticles are membrane-derived vesicles that are released from cells during activation or cell death. These particles can serve as mediators of intercellular cross-talk and induce a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown that macrophages undergo apoptosis after phagocytosing microparticles. Here, we have addressed the hypothesis that microparticles trigger this process via lipid pathways. In these experiments, microparticles induced apoptosis in primary macrophage cells or cell lines (RAW 264.7 or U937) with up to a 5-fold increase... To evaluate further signaling pathways induced by microparticles, the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK-) 1 was investigated. This kinase plays a role in activating phospholipases A2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid; microparticles have been suggested to be a preferred substrate for phospholipases A2. As shown in our experiments, microparticles strongly increased the amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a time-dependent manner, peaking 15 min after co-incubation. Addition of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1, prevented the increase in apoptosis of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Together, these data suggest that microparticles perturb lipid homeostasis of macrophages and thereby induce apoptosis. These results emphasize the importance of biolipids in the cellular cross-talk of immune cells. Based on the fact that in clinical situations with excessive cell death such as malignancies, autoimmune diseases and following chemotherapies high levels of circulating microparticles might modulate phagocytosing cells, a suppression of the immune response might occur due to loss of macrophages. UNQUOTE.
TITLE: The role of membrane lipids in the induction of macrophage apoptosis by microparticles.
SOURCE: Apoptosis. 2006 Dec 26.
4. QUOTE FROM THE ABSTRACT: C57B16 mice were fed for 6 weeks on a low-fat diet or on high-fat diets containing coconut oil (rich in saturated fatty acids), safflower oil [rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)], or fish oil (rich in n-3 PUFAs) as the main fat sources. The fatty acid composition of the spleen lymphocytes was influenced by that of the diet fed... The ratio of production of Th1- to Th2-type cytokines (determined as the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio) was lower for lymphocytes from mice fed the safflower oil or fish oil diets... It is concluded that saturated fatty acids have minimal effects on cytokine production. In contrast, PUFAs act to inhibit production of Th1-type cytokines with little effect on Th2-type cytokines; n-3 PUFAs are particularly potent. The effects of fatty acids on cytokine production appear to be exerted at the level of gene expression. UNQUOTE.
Source: J Leukoc Biol. 2001 Mar;69(3):449-57. "Dietary fatty acids influence the production of Th1- but not Th2-type cytokines," by Wallace, FA, et al.
5. TITLE: Programmed Cell Death Protects Against Infections.

QUOTE: ...For more than hundred years it was known that neutrophil granulocytes kill bacteria very efficiently by devouring them. After eating the germs neutrophils kill tehm with antimicrobial proteins...

...scientists...discovered a second killing mechanism: neutrophil granulocytes can form web-like structures outside the cells composed of nucleic acid and enzymes which catch bacteria and kill them...

...Only after lengthy live cell imaging and biochemical studies it became clear how neutrophils make NETs. The cells get activated by bacteria and modify the structure of their nuclei and granules, small enzyme deposits in the cytoplasm.

"The nuclear membrane disintegrates, the granules dissolve, and thus the NET components can mingle inside the cells", explains Volker Brinkmann, head of the microscopy group. At the end of this process, the cell contracts until the cell membrane bursts open and quickly releases the highly active melange. Once outside the cell, it unfolds and forms the NETs which then can trap bacteria.

Surprisingly, this process is as effective as devouring bacteria... UNQUOTE.

Source of the quoted material: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070110124142.htm